MENGHITUNG JEJAK EKOLOGI PRIBADI

MENGHITUNG JEJAK EKOLOGI PRIBADI

Istilah jejak kaki atau footprint telah dikenal secara umum dalam pengelolaan sumber daya alam di dunia internasional sebagai metode perhitungan kuantitatif yang menunjukkan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam oleh manusia dalam kehidupannya sehari-hari. Saat ini telah dikenal tiga jenis footprint dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yaitu : 1) ecological footprint, 2) carbon footprint dan 3) water footprint. Satuan dan sumber daya yang dianalisis secara spesifik oleh masing-masing jenis footprint tersebut berbeda-beda. Ecological footprint difokuskan untuk menghitung penggunaan lahan bioproduktif yang digunakan untuk menyokong populasi dunia dan dinyatakan dalam satuan hektar. Perhitungan carbon footprint dititikberatkan pada penghitungan penggunaan energi yang dinyatakan dalam volume emisi karbondioksida (CO2) menggunakan satuan ton. Water footprint adalah jenis footprint yang terakhir. Footprint ini menghitung penggunaan air untuk menyokong kehidupan manusia yang dinyatakan dalam satuan volume air (M3).

Konsep ecological footprint (EF), atau jejak kaki ekologis, pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh William Rees dan Martin Wackernagel pada tahun 1990-an. Konsep ini pada dasarnya dikembangkan sebagai usaha pencarian indikator untuk pembangunan berkelanjutan dan khususnya diharapkan dapat menjadi metode untuk mengukur secara kuantitatif mengenai hubungan perlakuan manusia terhadap bumi dengan daya dukung yang dimiliki oleh bumi itu sendiri (Wackernagel and Rees, 1996). Konsep ini menegaskan bahwa hampir semua tindakan dan perilaku hidup manusia, misalnya perilaku konsumsi dan transportasi, akan membawa dampak ekologis atau dampak bagi lingkungan (Hoekstra, 2007). Pendekatan EF dapat digunakan untuk mendidik masyarakat mengenai penggunaan sumber daya alam yang berlebihan dan kemampuan daya dukung bumi untuk menyokong keberlanjutan hidup mereka. Pendekatan ini dapat digunakan sebagai indikator keberlanjutan. Pendekatan ini juga memberikan penjelasan mengenai dampak perilaku manusia terhadap lingkungan dan dapat menghubungkannya dengan daya dukung bumi.

Jenis analisis footprint yang kedua adalah Analisis carbon footprint (CF). Carbon footprint adalah indikator mengenai dampak aktivitas manusia terhadap iklim global yang dinyatakan dalam jumlah gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang diproduksi. Carbon footprint secara konseptual menggambarkan kontribusi individu atau negara terhadap pemanasan global. Carbon footprint dapat menunjukkan total emisi karbondioksida (CO2) dan gas rumah kaca lainnya yang diemisikan pada seluruh proses untuk menghasilkan produk atau jasa (Hoekstra, 2008).

Jenis analisis footprint yang terakhir adalah analisis water foootprint (WF). Water footprint dikembangkan oleh Hoekstra pada tahun 2002. Water footprint dapat merepresentasikan jumlah volume air tawar yang dibutuhkan untuk menjaga keberlanjutan suatu populasi, seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Madrid et al “The water footprint represents the freshwater volume required to sustain a population” (Madrid et al., not dated). Hoekstra dan Chapagain (2004) dalam laporan hasil penelitiannya mendefinisikan water footprint individu, bisnis atau negara adalah total volume air tawar yang digunakan untuk memproduksi makanan dan jasa yang dikonsumsi oleh individu, bisnis atau negara. Nilai water footprint umumnya dinyatakan dalam satuan volume air yang digunakan setiap tahunnya. Saat ini, water footprint telah berkembang menjadi alat analisis yang digunakan untuk mengarahkan perumusan kebijakan kearah isu-isu mengenai keamanan air dan penggunaan air yang berkelanjutan di negara maju (Hoekstra, 2008).

MENGHITUNG JEJAK KARBON INDIVIDU,

Menurut  IESR (Institute for Essential Services Reform) dalam http://www.iesr.or.id/2010/04/earth-day-series-press-release-ayo-kita-diet-karbon-untuk-hidup-dan-bumi-yang-lebih-baik/,  Dibagi menjadi  3 bagian, yaitu listrik, sampah dan transportasi.

LISTRIK

Penerangan

Jenis dan lampu yang biasa digunakan (10,15,20 Watt atau lebih)?

1. Neon-CFL 20 watt x 24 jam , di ruang keluarga

2. Neon-CFL 10 watt x 12 jam, di teras

3. Neon-CFL 15 watt x 6 jam, di kamar mandi

4. Neon-CFL 20 watt x 24 jam, di kamar tidur 1

5. Neon-CFL 15 watt x 18 jam, di kamar tidur 2

6. Neon-CFL 20 watt x 24 jam, di ruang tamu

7. Neon-CFL 10 watt x 10 jam, di kamar kecil (WC)

8. Neon-CFL 15 watt x 24 jam, di dapur

Total Emisi: 445.06 gram CO2-ek
Total Biaya Pemakaian Listrik: Rp. 386.75  

Peralatan Dapur

1. Pemakaian  kulkas < 300 lt = 24 jam/hari

2. Rice Cooker  = 22 jam / hari

Total Emisi Peralatan Dapur: 2595,56 gram CO2-ek
Total Biaya Pemakaian Listrik: Rp. 2255.50  

Peralatan Rumah Tangga

 Berapa jam penggunaan alat-alat dalam rumah tangga di bawah ini dalam sehari :

Catatan : Jika pemakaian tidak setiap hari maka dapat diisi dengan dengan total jam pemakaian dalam semiggu kemudian dibagi 7. Misalnya pemakaiannya adalah 5 jam dalam seminggu maka diisi 0,7.

1. Mesin Cuci  = 0 jam

2. Mesin Pengering = 0 jam

3. Setrika = 0,7 jam

4. Kipas Angin = 4 jam

5. AC (1 PK) = 12 jam

6. Vacuum Cleaner = 0 jam

Total Emisi Peralatan Rumah Tangga: 1683,00 gram CO2-ek
Total Biaya Pemakaian Listrik: Rp. 1.462.50  

Peralatan Pribadi

Berapa jam penggunaan peralatan – peralatan pribadi di bawah ini dalam sehari :

Catatan : Jika pemakaian tidak setiap hari maka dapat diisi dengan dengan total jam pemakaian dalam semiggu kemudian dibagi 7. Misalnya pemakaiannya adalah 5 jam dalam seminggu maka diisi 0,7.

1. Hair Dryer = 0 jam

2. Electronic Razer / Pisau Cukur Elektronik = 0 jam

Total Emisi Peralatan Pribadi: 0 gram CO2-ek
Total Biaya Pemakaian Listrik: Rp. 0  

Elektronik Lainnya

 Berapa jam penggunaan alat – alat elektronik di bawah ini dalam sehari :

Catatan : Jika pemakaian tidak setiap hari maka dapat diisi dengan dengan total jam pemakaian dalam semiggu kemudian dibagi 7. Misalnya pemakaiannya adalah 5 jam dalam seminggu maka diisi 0,7.

1. DVD Player = 2 jam

2. Playstation PS2 = 1 jam

3. Xbox 360 = 0 jam

4. Tape Radio = 0 jam

5. TV (CRT 21") = 0 jam

6. TV (LCD 32") = 10 jam

Total Emisi Elektronik Lainnya: 528.84 gram CO2-ek
Total Biaya Pemakaian Listrik: Rp. 459.55  

Informasi dan Komunikasi

 Berapa jam penggunaan alat ? alat informasi dan komunikasi di bawah ini dalam sehari :

Catatan : Jika pemakaian tidak setiap hari maka dapat diisi dengan dengan total jam pemakaian dalam semiggu kemudian dibagi 7. Misalnya pemakaiannya adalah 5 jam dalam seminggu maka diisi 0,7.

1. Charger Handphone = 2 jam

2. PC Desktop+Monitor = 0 jam

3. Laptop = 2 jam

Total Emisi Informasi dan Komunikasi: 112.20 gram CO2-ek
Total Biaya Pemakaian Listrik: Rp. 97.50

SAMPAH

Berapa Sampah Organik Yang Dihasilkan? 50 gram

Berapa lembar kertas yang digunakan? 2 lembar

Berapa botol Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) yang dikonsumsi? 1 botol

Total Emisi Sampah:  1313.84 gram CO₂-ek

TRANSPORTASI

Transportasi Jarak Dekat

Jenis Kendaraan = pribadi, mobil bensin 1500cc, penumpang 4 orang, biaya BBM Rp.100.000,00 per minggu

Total Emisi Transportasi Darat : 0,85 gram CO2-ek

Transportasi Jarak Jauh

Jenis penerbangan : Domestik

Tipe pesawat : Boeing 737-600, transit : 0 kali

Total emisi pesawat : 21,445.37 gram CO2-ek

HASIL PENGHITUNGAN :

Bahwa jejak karbon saya adalah :
Total Emisi Harian : 6,737.75 gram CO₂-ek
Total Emisi Tahunan: 2,459,278.75 gram CO₂-ek
Total Biaya Listrik Harian: Rp. 4,694.30
Total Biaya Listrik Tahunan: Rp. 1,713,419.50

CARA MENGHITUNG JEJAK EKOLOGI, MENURUT CENTER OF SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY , dalam (http://myfootprint.org/en/visitor_information/)

Diawali dengan menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut :

1. Di negara mana Anda tinggal ? Indonesia

2. sistem pengukuran mana yang Anda pilih ? Metric / U.S

3. Berapa jumlah orang yang tinggal di rumah Anda ? 4 orang

4. Berapa penghasilan Anda pertahun ? kurang dari $ 29,000

 

Ecological Footprint , terdiri dari :

A. CARBON FOOTPRINT

Now, we will estimate your carbon footprint. Your carbon footprint
is the area needed to absorb carbon emissions generated by your
home energy use and transportation.

1. What best describes the climate zone you live in? If you are not sure, the dominant climate for your country is already selected.

Arctic or high cold mountain regions (like northern Siberia or the high Himalayas)
High latitudes with cold winters and cool summers (like Moscow or Stockholm)
High desert (like Kabul or Mexico City)
Temperate or Mediterranean (like New York, Rome, Buenos Aires or Hong Kong)
Warm to hot lowland desert (like Phoenix or Dubai)
Tropical and wet, including rainforests (like Rio de Janeiro or Manila)
Tropical, but relatively dry, including savannahs (like Bhopal, Brasilia or Nairobi) Hide window More on energy use and climate zones

Colder climates require more energy for heat and somewhat more for lighting and cooking. Hot and humid climates, on the other hand, require more energy for cooling and refrigeration. It may not be immediately obvious which climate zones require more energy. Statistically, however, there is a strong correlation: the coldest areas require the most energy. The choices above are ordered from most to least energy intensive.

2. What is the size of your home?

50 - 100 square meters or less (apartment or studio)
100 - 150 square meters (small home, approximately 2-3 bedrooms)
150 - 200 square meters (average home, approximately 3 bedrooms)
200 - 250 square meters (large home, approximately 4 bedrooms)
250 square meters or larger (very large home)

3. What energy sources do you use in your home? Please check all that apply.

Electricity
Natural gas, propane, or liquefied petroleum gas
Heating oil
Wood or biomass

4. If your house uses electricity, what percentage is generated from renewable hydropower, wind, biomass, or solar sources? The initial value is the country or regional average.

%

5. Please enter the number of kilometers you travel per year for each mode of transportation:

Automobiles, including personal vehicles, taxis, and carpools

Bus, including metro and long distance service

Rail, including subways, inner-city light rail, cross country trains

Air travel

6. What best describes the vehicle you most often drive or ride in?

A hybrid
A small or compact car (2 door)
A mid size car (4 door sedan)
A large car (including vans and minivans)
A pickup truck or sport Utility Vehicle (SUV)

7. Do you usually share rides with at least one other person?

Yes
No

8. Below is a list of energy saving features and energy saving habits. Please check all that apply

Energy saving features

Compact fluorescent bulbs
Energy efficient appliances
Extra insulation
Insulating blinds
Solar panels
Storm doors and windows
Water saving fixtures

Energy saving habits

Turn off lights when leaving rooms
Use power strips to turn off stand-by lights
Turn off computers and monitors when not in use
Dry clothes outside whenever possible
Keep thermostat relatively low in winter
Unplug small appliances when not in use
Minimal use of power equipment when landscaping Hide window

Small lifestyle changes make a big difference. Find out more.

Many of us tend to ignore the small things we can do to conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions because we don’t feel like we’re making a big difference. But small things add up. Energy efficient appliances use 2 to 10 times less energy for the same level of functionality. Line drying clothes saves 3 to 4 kilowatt hours per load – about 5 pounds of carbon dioxide. Compact fluorescent bulbs use four times less energy and last eight times longer than incandescent bulbs.

9. What best describes where your home is located?

Inner city
Older suburb
Newer suburb
Rural

Hide window

More about sprawl and climate change

Carbon emissions are generally highest for households living in newer suburbs. This is because spread-out suburbs require far more energy per person for public infrastructure, housing, and both personal and commercial transportation. Compact urban living is much less energy intensive. In rural areas, greater self reliance on local food, energy, and water resources and fewer short trips on congested roadways lead to lower energy requirements relative to sprawling suburbs.

10. Have you purchased offsets for carbon emissions associated with your home energy use and transportation?

Yes
No

Quiz results	in global hectares
My Carbon Footprint:	7.97	gha
Country Average:	2.60	gha

B. FOOD FOOTPRINT

Next, we estimate your food footprint. Your food footprint includes the area needed to grow crops, fish, and graze animals and absorb carbon emissions from food processing and transport.

11. What best describes your diet?

Vegan – Plant based foods only
Vegetarian – Primarily plant based foods, but some dairy
Omnivore – An assortment of meat, seafood, vegetables, dairy, and grains
Carnivore – Meat, seafood, and dairy several times a week
Top of the food chain – Meat, seafood, or dairy at almost every meal

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My diet and my footprint

A plant-based diet is significantly less land and energy intensive than a diet with a high proportion of meat, seafood, and dairy. A recent study found that a low-fat vegetarian diet needs 0.18 hectares per person per year while a high-fat diet with lots of meat needs 0.85 hectares because animals need so much more room. And because meat production drives deforestation and requires high inputs of energy for processing and transportation, it also comes with a high carbon footprint price tag. Globally, it has been estimated that up to 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions are associated with animal product consumption.

 12. Where do you obtain most of your food?

Farmers markets, gardens, cooperatives, and other local and fresh sources
Natural foods markets
Supermarkets for some items, natural food stores for others
Supermarkets, convenience stores, and prepared foods from restaurants
Restaurants, fast foods, and take out

Hide window

Food miles, packaging, and where I shop

Two important variables affecting your food footprint are food miles (or miles to market) and the amount of processing and packaging. If your food comes from far away – such as out of season produce imported from across the world – it requires lots of energy for transportation and refrigeration. If it is highly processed and comes in copious paper packaging, it puts a strain on forests. Buying fresh local foods from farmers markets and other locally owned sources or natural foods markets reduces these impacts.

13. How often do you select foods that are certified organic or sustainably produced?

Most of the time
Sometimes
Almost never

14. Which choice best describes how much you normally eat?

One large meal and a couple of light snacks per day
Two large meals and two or three light or medium sized snacks per day
Three large meals and several hefty sized snacks in between

15. Do you have a garden or share one to grow your own vegetables and herbs?

Yes
No

Quiz results	in global hectares
My Food Footprint:	2.67	gha
Country Average:	3.76	gha

 

C. HOUSING FOOTPRINT

The next step is your housing footprint. Your housing footprint
includes the area occupied by your home and the area needed to supply resources used in construction and household maintenance.

16. Which best describes your home?

An estate, ranch or farm
A free standing single family house
A house or building with 4 or fewer units
A small apartment building (5 - 20 units)
A large apartment building (20+ units) What is the approximate area of land occupied by your home, structures, and yard? If you live on an estate, farm or ranch, please don't count grazing lands, croplands, or wildlands.

square meters, or
hectares

17. Was your home or any portion of it built with recycled materials, wood certified as sustainably harvested, or any other green design features?

Yes
No
Not sure

Hide window

More on green buildings

Green buildings significantly reduce demands for energy, water, and materials through ecologically sensitive siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal practices – the complete building life cycle. Passive solar heating, water efficient fixtures, recycled materials and other green design features can generate up to 30% in energy savings, reduce carbon emissions by 35%, reduce water use by 30 to 50% and save 50 to 90% in waste disposal costs.

18. Approximately what share of your home furnishings are second hand or made of either recycled or sustainably produced materials?

Almost none
A few
A fair amount
Almost all

19. Which water saving features and habits do you have in your home? Please check all that apply.

Water saving features

Low flow toilets
Low flow shower heads and faucets
Instant water heaters on sinks
Rainwater catchment system
Grey water recycling system
Drought tolerant landscaping

Water saving habits

Compost rather than use garbage disposal
Minimize shower time and toilet flushing
Run clothes and dish washers only when full
Wash cars rarely
Look for and fix leaks regularly
Avoid hosing down decks, walkways, driveways

Hide window

The footprint of water consumption

Fresh water consumed in households requires energy for both delivery and treatment. Household water use also takes water from other beneficial uses such as irrigation or in-stream flow for fish and wildlife. All of these impacts increase a household’s ecological footprint, so saving water is a key strategy for footprint reduction. It has been estimated that by installing water saving features and adopting water conservation habits such as those listed here, households can easily reduce their water footprint by 60% or more.

20. How often do you select cleaning products that are biodegradable or non-toxic?

Almost never
Sometimes
Most of the time

Quiz results	in global hectares
My Housing Footprint:	0.79	gha
Country Average:	0.97	gha

Hide window

Why green cleaning products matter

Products used to clean floors, carpets, bathrooms, and other building elements often contain harmful chemicals that can have serious human health effects and contaminate water supplies, fish, and wildlife if they are poured down drains, circulated through ventilation systems, or disposed of outdoors. Environmental damage can also occur during the development, manufacture, and transport of these products. Fortunately, biodegradable and non-toxic alternatives can significantly reduce or eliminate these impacts altogether while providing the same level of cleanliness.

 

 

 

D. GOODS AND SERVICES FOOTPRINT

Lastly, we estimate your goods and services footprint, which includes the area needed to supply consumer items you purchase and absorb carbon emissions from their manufacturing, transport, and disposal.

21. What best describes your spending and saving habits?

I tend to spend all of my income and then some.
I generally live within my means.
I am a frugal spender, and regularly save money for the future. 

22. How often do you buy new things to replace old ones?

I tend to use things until I genuinely need to replace them.
Some items I use for years, others I replace before I need to.
I frequently replace belongings even if they are in good condition.

Hide window

Planned obsolescence and our economic footprint

The faster we buy new items, the faster we deplete resources and the more likely it is that we are exceeding the Earth’s regenerative capacity. Unfortunately, today’s economy is designed to convince us to buy often and replace items that are in perfectly good working order. Planned obsolescence – the deliberate manufacturing of products to wear out quickly – adds to the problem. To counter this, we can try to repair things as much as possible and only buy products that are designed to last.

23. How many standard size garbage bins does your household fill each week?

Less than one
One or two
More than two

24. What proportion of the following wastes do you recycle?

	None	A fair amount	Almost all
Paper
Aluminum
Glass
Plastic
Electronics

Hide window

Towards a zero-waste society

Recycling our wastes has enormous environmental and economic benefits in the form of reduced landfill space, fewer demands for raw materials, less energy consumption, less air and water pollution, lower waste-disposal bills, and cheaper goods. Recycling one metric ton of paper saves 17 trees. It takes 40 - 95% less energy to produce goods with recycled aluminum, glass, plastic, or paper than it does to manufacture them with raw materials. Communities throughout the world are striving for zero-waste economies where the outputs from each resource use are turned into inputs for another use. Zero waste does not aim to simply manage waste, but eliminate its creation in the first place.

25. When you buy clothing or paper products, how often do you select items labeled as recycled, natural, organic, or made of alternative fibers such as hemp or Tencel?

Almost never
Sometimes
Almost always

Quiz results	in global hectares
My Goods and Services Footprint:	2.06	gha
Country Average:	1.74	gha

 

 

HASIL PERHITUNGAN 

Congratulations, you are living an ecologically conscientious lifestyle.
If everyone lived like you do, we would need only 0.85 Earths.

Hide window

(in global hectares)	Footprint	Country Average
Carbon Footprint	7.90	2.60
Food Footprint	2.67	3.76
Housing Footprint	0.79	0.97
Goods and Services Footprint	2.06	1.74
My total footprint	13.42	9.07